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2023 07 14

Table of Contents:

GS Paper 2:

  • The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023
  • India-France Relationship

GS Paper 3:

  1. Tax on online gaming
  2. Issues with the air pollution control measures in India

Content for Mains Enrichment

  1. Sanipreneurs

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

  1. Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
  2. Phosphate Discovery in Norway
  3. AuditOnline
  4. SAGAR SAMPARK
  5. NASA’s Perseverance rover finds diverse organic matter on Mars
  6. New plant species that grow in saline conditions of Kutch discovered
  7. Atlantic menhaden

Mapping

  1. Kaas Plateau (Maharastra)

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023

GS Paper 2

Syllabus: Issues related to poverty and hunger

Source: FAO

Context: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 report was released recently with the theme “Urbanisation, agrifood systems transformation, and healthy diets across the rural-urban continuum”.

Key findings of the 2023 report:
Global Hunger Over 700 million people was facing hunger in the world in 2022
Nutritional Access ~2.4 billion individuals did not have consistent access to nutritious, safe, and sufficient food in 2022.
Child Malnutrition Child Malnutrition: In 2021, 22.3% (148.1 million) children were stunted (too short for their age), 6.8% (45 million) were wasted (too thin for their height), and 5.6% (37 million) were overweight.
Urbanisation’s Impact on Diet As urbanisation accelerates, there is a noticeable increase in the consumption of processed and convenience foods, leading to a spike in overweight and obesity rates across urban, peri-urban, and rural areas.
Rural Dependence on Global Markets Previously self-sustaining rural regions, especially in Africa and Asia, are now found to be increasingly dependent on national and global food markets.

Challenges:

  • While global hunger numbers have stalled between 2021 and 2022, there are many places in the world facing deepening food crises.
  • Largely women and residents of rural areas did not have consistent access to nutritious, safe, and sufficient food in 2022.
  • Child malnutrition is still alarmingly high.
  • By 2050, it’s projected that 70% of the global population will reside in cities.

Way ahead:

  • This significant demographic shift necessitates a reorientation of food systems to cater to these new urban populations and eradicate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition.
  • The policy can strengthen intensification and increase productivity in farming close to small and intermediate cities and towns (SICTs).
  • This will improve connectivity between farms and input and output markets, thus reducing the cost of access to markets and fostering farmers’ access to and use of modern inputs.

A case study from India – The Role of urban proximity in agricultural intensification:

  • Bangalore and its surroundings provide evidence of the essential role of SICTs in increasing the use of modern agricultural inputs in rural areas.
  • Farmers located farther from Bangalore show a higher use of modern inputs due to the influence of the town of Doddaballapura – a City in Bangalore’s Rural district.

Conclusion: The agrifood systems governance mechanisms and institutions must bridge sectoral and administrative borders and rely on subnational and local governments in order to implement these solutions.

About the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World Report:

  • It is an annual flagship report jointly prepared by the –
    • Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO),
    • International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
    • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF),
    • World Food Programme (WFP) and
    • World Health Organisation (WHO)
  • It aims to inform on progress towards ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition and to provide an in-depth analysis of key challenges for achieving this goal in the context of the SDG.
  • The report targets a wide audience, including policy-makers, international organisations, academic institutions and the general public.

Insta Links:

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2022

Tags: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 report, FAO, Today’s article, 14 July CA, GS 2

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, Today's Article

India-France Relationship

GS Paper 2

Syllabus: Bilateral Relations between India and major powers

Source: IE, IE, IE

Context: Indian PM will be the Guest of Honour at France’s Bastille Day parade in Paris. The visit coincides with 25 years of strategic partnerships with France.

Significance of the PM’s visit to France:

  • Increasing investment: The visit will help diversify France and European economic ties away from China
  • Boosting regional security: The visit will help boost India’s comprehensive national power and help India stabilise the balance of power in Asia

Current analysis of India-France relations:

  • Characteristics: The relationship between the two countries is characterized by strategic autonomy, independent foreign policies, and a shared vision of a multipolar world.
  • Security objectives prominent: Unlike Indo-German relations, which are focused on trade, India and France prioritize security objectives.
    • France has helped India diversify its pool of arms suppliers beyond Russia and the US, especially when sanctions were imposed on India in the past.
  • Balancing China: The relationship aims to balance China’s influence in the Indian Ocean and have a shared concern about Chinese expansionism.
  • Multi-dimensional: The partnership between India and France has seen advancements through joint strategic visions, logistic support agreements, and military exercises in recent times

Dimensions of India-France Relations:
Dimensions Description Examples
Historical Relations India and France had trade and cultural exchanges that can be traced back thousands of years. In the modern era, diplomatic relations between India and France were formally established in 1947 after India gained independence.
Strategic Dialogue France became the first country to engage in a Strategic Dialogue with India following India’s nuclear tests in 1998. Unlike other nations, France chose not to impose bilateral sanctions on India and instead showed a deeper understanding of India’s security concerns.
Defence Cooperation France was the second largest defence supplier for India in 2017- 2021. ·        Induction of French Scorpene submarines and Rafale fighter jets

·        Joint military exercises like Varuna (navy), Garuda (air force), and Shakti (army).

·        Joint manufacturing: Tata Group tied up with Airbus to manufacture C-295 tactical transport aircraft in Vadodara, Gujarat.
Economic Cooperation Collaboration in sectors like manufacturing, infrastructure, and technology ·        Bilateral trade of over USD 12 billion in 2021-22.

·        France is the 11th largest foreign investor in India.
Civil Nuclear Cooperation India and France inked a civil nuclear pact (2008) making France the first country to have such an agreement after the USA ·        France’s support in building six EPR (European Pressurized Reactors) nuclear power reactors (at Jaitpur, Maharastra)

·        Joint research and development in nuclear energy
Cooperation at International Forum Collaboration on global issues and joint efforts in multilateral forums. ·        France’s support for India’s bid for permanent membership in the UN Security Council and Nuclear Suppliers Group.

·        Alignment on climate change, sustainable development, and counter-terrorism.

·        Joint initiatives like the International Solar Alliance.
Maritime Cooperation Partnership in ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. ·        India, France, UAE Trilateral Initiative is aimed at ensuring maritime domain awareness and security from the east coast of Africa to the far Pacific.

·        Indo-Pacific Trilateral Development Cooperation Fund (between India and France, September 2022)
Space Cooperation Collaboration in space research, satellite technology, and exploration. ·        Joint working group between ISRO and CNES for enhanced cooperation e.g., planned Joint Mars Mission

·        Collaboration on satellite launches, Earth observation missions, and space debris management

·        Planned Joint Earth Observation Mission
Education and Cultural Exchanges Promoting educational, academic, and cultural exchanges between India and France. The agreement on mutual recognition of academic degrees and the follow-on Knowledge Summit
Environmental Cooperation ·        India and France launched the Indo-French Year of the Environment in January 2021 to strengthen cooperation on environmental issues.

·        Indo-French initiatives on green hydrogen, blue economy, and environmental research.

Challenges in the relationship:

India and France don’t have Free Trade Agreement, which limits the potential for increased trade and economic cooperation. Also, there is a trade imbalance in favour of France (France exporting more to India). Also, France has many times expressed concern on India’s stance at WTO, Climate summit and on India’s protection of intellectual property rights

Conclusion:

While military cooperation remains important, the Indo-French relationship could expand beyond arms sales. Initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and exploring minilateral and multilateral cooperation in the Indo-Pacific could bring additional dimensions to their partnership.

Insta Links:

India-France

Mains Links:

Q1. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries. Comment with examples. (UPSC 2020)

Q2. India and France are time-tested partners with their 25 years of strategic partnership covering a range of bilateral issues such as defence cooperation, space, blue economy, civil nuclear and people-to-people ties. Elaborate. (250 Words)

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, India-France Relationship, International Relations, Today's Article

Tax on online gaming: What the GST Council’s decision says, its implications

GS Paper 3

Syllabus: Issues related to the Indian economy

Source: IE

Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, in its 50th meeting, decided to levy a uniform 28% tax on full face value for online gaming, casinos and horse racing.

Decision to levy 28% uniform tax on online gaming:

  • Earlier, the ministerial panel had discussed the option of levying tax on gross gaming revenue or platform fee – the charge paid to avail the gaming services, but this did not find favour.
  • The uniform levy of 28% tax will be applicable on –
    • The face value of the chips purchased in the case of casinos,
    • The full value of the bets placed with the bookmaker/totalisator in the case of horse racing, and
    • The full value of the bets placed in the case of online gaming.
  • The government will bring in amendments to the GST-related laws to include online gaming and horse racing as taxable actionable claims – goods under the CGST Act, 2017.
  • So far, lottery, betting, and gambling were classified as actionable claims.

How will the tax work in real life?

  • At present, most gaming companies were paying a tax of 18% applicable on the platform fees.
    • Let’s assume that the platform fee is 10%. So, for every Rs 100 deposited in the game, the platform makes Rs 10 and 18% GST on Rs 10 means that effectively, on every Rs 100, the GST is Rs 1.8.
  • Under the new structure, a GST of 28% will be applicable on the entire face value of the bet or the consideration paid, and not the platform fee.
    • Meaning that for every Rs 100 deposited, the GST on it will be Rs 28 – an increase of around 15.6 times.

How big is the online gaming market in India?

  • The industry grew at a CAGR of 38% between 2017-2020, as opposed to 8% in China and 10% in the US.
  • It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15% to reach Rs 153 billion in revenue by 2024.
  • India’s percentage of new paying users (NPUs) in gaming has been the fastest-growing in the world.
  • Transaction-based games’ revenues grew 26% in India, with the number of paying gamers increasing by 17% from 80 million in 2020 to 95 million in 2021.

Who gets impacted?

  • Online gaming is perhaps the only segment of the internet economy that has multiple highly profitable companies.
    • For example, Dream11 had a net profit of Rs 143 cr on revenues of Rs 3,841 crore in FY22.
  • The decision has been applied indiscriminately to gaming and gambling platforms.
    • This includes companies that have spent years in lobbying efforts to create a distinction between a game of skill and a game of chance/gambling platforms.

How have online gaming companies reacted?

  • The government’s move was “extremely unfortunate” as it will lead to “a nearly 1000% increase in taxation.”
  • The GST Council’s decision is “unconstitutional, irrational, and egregious” and will wipe out the entire Indian gaming industry and lead to lakhs of job losses.
  • The only people benefitting from this will be anti-national illegal offshore platforms.

The government’s intention:

  • The moral question: The industry can’t be encouraged to such an extent over essential goods and services.
  • Gaming a speculative and addictive activity:
    • Every week there is a story of suicides because of debts incurred due to online gaming.
    • The addiction has mainly impacted children and teenagers and along with higher taxes, the government needed to put in restrictions on the basis of age, income etc.

About Goods and Services Tax (GST): 

  • It is an indirect tax (not directly paid by customers to the government) that came into effect on July 1, 2017, as a result of the 101st Amendment to the Indian Constitution.
  • It is imposed on both manufacturers and sellers of goods, as well as suppliers of services.
  • For tax collection, it is divided into five tax slabs – 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%.

About GST Council:

  • It is an apex committee to modify, reconciles or make recommendations to the Union and the States on GST, like the goods and services that may be subjected or exempted from GST, model GST laws, etc.
  • Article 279A of the Indian Constitution empowers the President of India to constitute a joint forum of the Centre and States called the GST Council.

Insta Links:

Regulating Online Gaming

Prelims Links: UPSC 2017

What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’?

  1. It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India.
  2. It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves.
  3. It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

Ans: 1

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, 14 July CA, GS 3, GST, GST Council, Regulating Online Gaming, Today's Article, Today’s article

Issues with the air pollution control measures in India

GS Paper 3

Syllabus: Environmental Pollution

Source: DTE

Context: According to a CSE analysis, air pollution impacts villages and cities almost equally but pollution control measures target only urban India.

Findings of the analysis:

  • Particulate matter (PM) 5 is an extremely potent air pollutant that can penetrate deep into the lungs and trigger a range of diseases including fatal ones.
  • In 2022, the annual average of the most toxic air pollutant – ultrafine particulate matter (PM) 5, was as poor in rural India as in urban India (~46 microgrammes against the national limit is 40 microgrammes).
  • The rural PM 5 pollution was found to be significantly high in Delhi (87 microgrammes) and states like Bihar, Haryana, UP, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
  • The rural population suffers more than its urban counterpart when it comes to the length of losing life span due to exposure to the toxic pollutant.

Steps taken – The National Clean Air Plan (NCAP):

  • It was declared in 2019, with a tentative national level target of 20-30% reduction of PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration by 2024.
  • So far it has released around Rs 9,000 crores mainly for 131 cities – called non-attainment ones – consistently going above the national air pollution limits.

Takeaways from the findings:

  • They put under scanner the Union government’s policy of only investing in selected urban areas of the country for controlling toxic air pollution.
  • Most rural areas do not even have any on-ground pollution measuring mechanism; forget about combating it.

Way ahead:

  • Air pollution is a transboundary problem that knows no borders.
  • There is an urgent need to track pollution levels and develop policies for rural regions.
  • A larger network of high-spatial-resolution systematic, robust and continuous air pollutants monitoring over the rural and non-urban regions is the need of the hour.
  • Instead of selected cities, the air shade arrangement model needs to be pursued.

Conclusion: The air pollution issue in the country in the recent decade would not be resolved unless the rural parts are taken into account. Therefore, the time is ripe for formulating policy and action in rural India as well.

Insta Links:

Indoor air pollution

Prelims Links: UPSC 2022

In the Guidelines, statements: the context of WHO consider the Air Quality following

  1. The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m³ and the annual mean of PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 µg/m³.
  2. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of inclement weather.
  3. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream.
  4. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1, 3 and 4
  2. 1 and 4 only
  3. 2, 3 and 4
  4. 1 and 2 only

Ans: 2

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, 14 July CA, Air Pollution, GS 3, NCAP, PM 2.5, Today's Article, Today’s article

Sanipreneurs

Content for Mains Enrichment

Source: TH

The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) has informed the Madras High Court that it plans to convert workers involved in manual scavenging into ‘sanipreneurs’ by awarding them a tender for the maintenance of the sewer system using machines.

Aim: This initiative aims to provide workers with safe and dignified self-employment opportunities for a period of seven years. The CMWSSB has entered into a partnership with the Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DICCI) to train and mentor the ‘sanipreneurs’.

Use The initiative and term can be used in social justice, Indian Society, Essay and ethics.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, Sanipreneurs, Today's Article

Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: PIB

Context: Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi was conferred with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, France’s highest award today by, the President of the Republic of France.

About Legion of Honour:

  • The Legion of Honour is the highest French decoration given to the most deserving citizens in all fields of activity.
  • Established by former French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802, the Legion of Honour is divided into five degrees (lower to higher) – Knight, Officer, Commander, Grand Officer and Grand Cross. The PM was awarded the fifth honour.
  • The colour of the ribbon is red and the badge is a five-armed Maltese asterisk hung on an oak and laurel wreath. On the obverse is the effigy of the Republic and on the reverse two tricolour flags surrounded by the motto ‘Honor and Fatherland’ written in French.
  • Although the membership to Legion of Honour is restricted to French nationals, foreign nationals who serve France or uphold its ideals may also be given a distinction of the Legion.
  • Other personalities who received this honour include former South African President Nelson Mandela, King Charles – the then Prince of Wales, Former German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Former United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, and Russian President Vladimir Putin.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, Arts and Culture, Awards, Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, GS1, Today's Article

Phosphate Discovery in Norway

Source: DTE

Context: A huge deposit of a valuable mineral called phosphate, which can be used to power electric cars and solar panels, has been discovered in Norway.

  • There are up to 70 billion tonnes of phosphorus in the deposit, enough to meet demand for the next 50 years.

About Phosphorous:

  • Phosphorus is a mineral which comes from phosphate rock.
  • It is a finite resource which means there is only a certain amount in the world and it will eventually run out.
  • Around 90% of mined phosphate is used to produce fertiliser for the agriculture industry.

Previously, the largest amount of phosphate rock was found in Morocco’s western Sahara region, with approximately 50 billion tonnes. China (the largest phosphate producer in the world) and Egypt also have significant phosphate reserves.

There are environmental concerns surrounding phosphate, including its role in causing algae blooms in waterways. The refining process for phosphorus extraction can be highly polluting.

India:

Phosphate rocks are also considered a significant and secondary resource of uranium. India is deficient in Apatite & Rock Phosphate availability. In the case of apatite, India is fully dependent upon imports, while the Rock Phosphate production is only from two states namely, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, geography, GS1, Phosphate discovery in Norway, Today's Article

AuditOnline

Source: PIB

Context: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj has launched the Action Taken Report (ATR) Module of AuditOnline through a virtual event.

About AuditOnline:

AuditOnline is open-source software developed by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj as part of the Panchayat Enterprise Suite under the e-Panchayat Mission Mode Project (as part of the Digital India Programme). Along with AuditOnline, the ministry also launched eGramSwaraj, another user-friendly accounting application. 

Aim: The application aims to promote transparency and accountability in the financial management of Panchayats.

Advantages:

  • It enables online audits of Panchayat accounts. It allows for the generation of audit reports, documentation of observations, and monitoring of actions taken in response to audit findings.
  • The ATR Module will enable Panchayats to become more efficient, empowered, and corruption-free in managing funds.

The government’s target is to Audit all Panchayat accounts to meet the criteria of the Fifteenth Finance Commission for subsequent grants.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, AuditOnline, Today's Article

NASA’s Perseverance rover finds diverse organic matter on Mars

Source: DTE

Context: NASA’s Perseverance rover has discovered evidence of organic compounds in a Martian crater, providing insights into the potential habitability of Mars.

  • The study, published in the journal Nature, reveals a more complex organic geochemical cycle on Mars than previously thought, indicating the presence of multiple reservoirs of potential organic molecules on the planet.

Key Findings:

  • The findings suggest that Mars has experienced aqueous processes and that water may have played a significant role in the existence of organic matter.
  • The research team used an instrument called the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) to detect the organic compounds.
  • The rover’s landing site in Jezero Crater, which was once a lake basin, shows a high potential for past habitability, as it contains minerals such as carbonates, clays, and sulphates that could preserve organic compounds and traces of prehistoric life.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, GS3, NASA, Perseverance rover finds diverse organic matter on Mars, SCIENCE, space, Today's Article

New plant species that grow in saline conditions of Kutch discovered

Source: IE

Context: A team of researchers has discovered a new species of saltwort called Salsola oppositifolia Desfontania in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India.

  • The perennial shrub, which belongs to the Amaranthaceae family, grows in saline, arid to semi-arid environments.

About Salsola oppositifolia Desfontania:

  • It is a halophyte, adapted to saline conditions. It is a succulent shrub with a smooth, woody base and grows up to two meters tall. The leaves of the plant grow opposite each other on the stem.
  • They are known for their salty juice stored in their leaves. The plants of the Salsola genus have various uses, including manufacturing soda ash, lye, soaps, and pharmaceutical products.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, ENVIRONMENT, GS3, New plant species that grow in saline conditions of Kutch discovered, Salsola oppositifolia Desfontania, Today's Article

Atlantic menhaden

Source: IE

Context: According to researchers, the changes in the Atlantic ecosystem can be attributed to the overfishing of Atlantic menhaden.

About Atlantic menhaden:

  • Found in coastal and estuarine waters from Nova Scotia to northern Florida, Atlantic menhaden play many important roles. They are filter feeders, primarily consuming phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water column.
  • Menhaden are harvested for use as fertilizers, animal feed, and bait for fisheries including blue crab and lobster.
  • They are a major source of omega-3 fatty acids, so they are also used to develop human and animal supplements.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, Atlantic menhaden, ENVIRONMENT, GS3, Species, Today's Article

Kaas Plateau (Maharastra)

Mapping

Source: PIB

A recent study conducted by the Agharkar Research Institute in Pune, Maharashtra, has revealed significant climate and environmental changes on the Kaas Plateau. The Kaas Plateau, a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site (2012), is renowned for its seasonal flowers that form a vibrant carpet during August and September.

The Kas Plateau is a plateau situated 25 kilometres west of Satara city in Maharashtra, India. It falls under the Sahyadri Sub-Cluster of the Western Ghats.

July 14, 2023 /14 July 2023, Kas Plateau, Today's Article

India’s attempt to expand G20 to increase Global South imprint

GS Paper 2

Syllabus: Bilateral, Regional Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Source: TH

Context: G20 negotiators led by Indian Sherpa (Amitabh Kant) are discussing the draft “Leader’s Declaration” for the Summit in Sept 2023.

What is the Indian government aiming for? Expand the imprint of the Global South in the G20.

How? India has inserted (in the revised draft) the proposal for the African Union (AU) membership in the G20.

Other additions in the revised draft are:

  • Gender-led development,
  • Digital public infrastructure and
  • Green hydrogen transitions.

Significance of India’s Push to Expand G20:

  • Divert attention from the global polarisation: Over the war in Ukraine, that is holding up a joint statement at all India-led G20 events.
  • Will make G20 a truly global body: With the AU joining the G20, 90% of the global population will be represented by the grouping.
    • Also, African countries are among the emerging market regions with the fastest-growing economies

What is aiding India’s push for G20 expansion?

  • The potential of developing nations: The G20 hosted by India represents the first time that developing countries form the troika (hosts for 2022-2023-2024) of Indonesia-India-Brazil.
  • Over-representation of Europe in G20: A quarter of the grouping is made up of the UK, France, Germany, Italy and the EU (Spain is a permanent special invitee).

Challenges towards adding AU in the G20:

  • Competition from other contenders: These include regional groupings like the ASEAN and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), as well as countries like the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland.
  • Paralyse decision-making: Inducting the AU will also mean an exponential rise in the number of countries that can hold up the consensus over a G20 document, which is already paralysed by the Ukraine war.

Conclusion: As India’s legacy as G20 President is already hanging between whether it can forge a joint statement or gather all G20 leaders under one roof, the inclusion of African countries may prove to be compensation.

The African Union (AU):

●      It is a continental body consisting of the 55 member states that make up the countries of the African Continent.

●      It was officially launched in 2002 as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU, 1963-1999).

Insta Links:

India-Africa ties

July 15, 2023 /14 July 2023, 15 July CA, African Union (AU), GS 2, India’s G20 Presidency, Today's Article, Today’s article