2023 04 19
Table of Contents:
GS Paper 1:
- Marriage break-ups: Trends and implications
GS Paper 2:
- India’s civil society organisations
GS Paper 3:
- Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
- Jagadish Chandra Bose
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
- Life Lessons from Ajay Banga
- Life Lessons from Dalai Lama
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
- Sangathan se Samriddhi
- UN Women
- WTO panel rules against India
- Indian Bureau of Mines
- Space Seeds
- Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET)
- Toque Macaques
Marriage break-ups: Trends and implications
GS Paper 1
Syllabus: Salient Features of Indian Society
Source: LM
Context: Many societies worldwide still uphold the belief that ‘marriages are made in heaven’ and its violation is taken as sacrilege, a social evil.
What is Marriage?
The institution of marriage is a socially and legally recognized union between two people that establishes rights and obligations between them and their families. It is a universal human institution found in almost every culture and society
Global marriage patterns:
- The UN recorded a doubling of the proportion of adults (in the 35-39 age group) getting divorced or separated from 2% in the 1970s to 4% in the 2000s.
- This was partly reflective of the changes in expectations within marriages with the women entering the workforce.
- According to OECD, a mixed trend is witnessed as this proportion has increased in 18 countries (like the US) and reduced in 12.
Trends in India:
- 93% of married Indians (among those surveyed in 2018) had ‘an arranged marriage’, as against the global average of about 55%.
- The annual divorce rate in India is (low) at 1.1 per 1,000 people annually. This means, of every 1,000 Indian marriages, only 13 result in divorce.
What compels Indian women to ‘adjust’ to bad marriages?
- Divorce is initiated by men, as prevailing social norms discourage women from exercising this right.
- Indian legal framework is described (by feminists) “as benevolent patriarchal patronage at its best”. Hence, women encounter legal hassles and socio-economic isolation.
- The low labour-force participation rate of Indian women translates to high levels of financial dependency.
The vicious cycle of financial dependency: There is clear misogyny in the matrimonial market in India → Employed women received 15% fewer responses.
Gendered consequences of divorce on socio-economic, domestic, health, and other aspects of life:
- Women face chronic strains (whereas men face transient impacts) of divorces, as they suffer from
- Disproportionate losses in household income,
- Higher risk of losing homeownership,
- Lower chances of re-partnering and also bearing the greater responsibilities of single parenting.
- This furthers the gender gap in the standard of living.
- Men tend to be more vulnerable to health declines, mortality and emotional damage (often face a challenge in maintaining contact with their children).
Whether an increasing divorce rate is a sign of women’s social progress and society maturing?
| Yes | No |
| Loosen the hold of patriarchy, as divorces are considered a challenge to patriarchal power. Mauritanian society celebrates a woman’s divorce and women lead a new life free of any stigma of a failed relationship. Such a societal attitude indicates a shift in the ideas of family and marriage. A business opportunity for the increased demand it creates for homes and household products. |
A debilitating factor in societal stability, given the adverse economic and socio-psychological fallout on divorced parents and their children. |
Way ahead:
- UN Women has urged all nations to adopt family-friendly policies and workplace regulations (like Germany) that enable women and men to combine caregiving with paid work.
- The institution of marriage, as a basic social unit, should be strengthened for the well-being of families.
- For this, the basic education system should foster equal partnership as a foundational value in marriage.
Insta Links:
Mains Links:
The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social values. Discuss. (UPSC 2014)
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, 19 April CA, Emotional damage, GS 1, Institution of family and marriages, Marriage break-ups, Patriarchy, Today's Article, Today’s article
India’s civil society organisations
GS Paper 2
Syllabus: Development Processes and the Development Industry – the Role of NGOs
Source: TH
Context: The ability of civil society organisations (CSO) or movements to shape policy and public discourse in India has shrunk drastically.
CSOs:
- These are non-State, not-for-profit, voluntary entities formed by people in the social sphere that are separate from the State and the market.
- They represent a wide range of interests and ties and can include community-based organisations as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
Why and how CSOs in India are curbed?
- Seen as the new frontier for war, and foreign interference and vilified as disruptive to India’s development trajectory and therefore anti-national.
- Imposing financial and structural constraints by
- Cancelling FCRA clearances,
- Revoking licences,
- Imposing retrospective taxes, and
- Pressuring private companies and philanthropists to redirect funding.
- Activists, journalists, academics and students have been targeted by the state’s governing instruments and non-state actors (spreading violence and abuse – online and offline).
Impact of these restrictions on CSOs:
- Existential threats are faced by civil society actors as their constitutional and civic freedoms are curtailed.
- Migrate to safer avenues/ limit the scope of their work/ re-align with the govt.
- This a grave threat to the system’s integrity because civil society is an indispensable safety valve (fixing accountability) for tensions in a polity.
- Unable to speak truth/amplify the voices of the most vulnerable, enrich policies/legislation through constructive feedback.
- Unable to further the collective good – not in the national interest.
- Young activists could be inducted into political parties → could create an institutionalised moral force within the parties → balance electoral compulsions with ethical/human rights considerations.
New trends:
- The emergence of govt-backed CSOs: Termed as ‘New Civil Society for New India’, such CSOs are the principal beneficiary of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, and have access to and influence over select departments in governments.
- Implications:
- A profound influence on the welfare activities, human rights and freedoms shaped by the CSO’s ideological imperatives, altering the civil society landscape in India.
- All other CSOs/movements are slowly being circumscribed.
Challenges faced by CSOs:
- Less flexible in reorienting their normative and operational methodologies.
- Still clinging to outdated tactics. For example, protests at Jantar Mantar undoubtedly bring activists together but they do less to shape the thinking or action of governments.
- Similarly, articles/papers, and speeches at think tanks/conferences/symposiums do not affect governments into any substantive course correction.
- Even lobbying legislators to raise issues is ineffective as the political parties do not let Parliament function.
- Fails to blend socio-cultural values with welfare/constructive work or calls to protect constitutional values.
- Consequently, they are unable to guide mass consciousness.
Way forward for progressive civil society in India:
- Realignment is needed by finding structural solutions to structural problems.
- Learning from the Gandhian constructive movement, which complemented the Congress system – an electoral and governance machine.
- CSOs will need to urgently collaborate with other progressive stakeholders.
- Private philanthropies and companies need to realise that they are the only lifeline for progressive CSOs today.
Conclusion: The inaction today will directly contribute to the extinction of civil society – the fifth pillar of Indian democracy. Therefore, by devising new methods of principled coalition we can safeguard and eventually further the constitutional idea of India.
Insta Links:
Role of Civil society organisations
Mains Links:
Can civil society and Non-Government Organisations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative method. (UPSC 2021)
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, 19 April CA, GS 2, Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), Role of Civil society organisations (CSO), The fifth pillar of Indian democracy, Today's Article, Today’s article
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
GS Paper 3
Syllabus: Science and Technology
Context: The Ministry of Ayush in India is leading an effort to integrate traditional medicine with artificial intelligence (AI) through the Ayush Grid, a comprehensive IT backbone for the traditional medicine sector.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer programs that can learn from and make decisions based on data. These programs are designed to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as recognizing patterns, analysing images, and making predictions.
How can AI be used in Medicine?
| Use Case | Example |
| Diagnostics | Using machine learning algorithms to analyse medical images and predict the likelihood of certain conditions, such as cancer or heart disease |
| Drug Discovery | Using natural language processing algorithms to analyse scientific papers and identify potential drug targets e.g., a vaccine against COVID-19 |
| Clinical Decision Support | To analyse patient data and recommend the most effective treatments based on the patient’s medical history |
| Telemedicine | Using chatbots or virtual assistants to provide patients with personalized medical advice and support |
| Predictive Analytics | To analyse patient data and predict the likelihood of certain outcomes, such as hospital readmissions or disease progression |
| Robotic Surgery | To control robotic surgical instruments and improve surgical precision |
| Personalised Medicine | E.g., Israeli health-tech firm Genetika+ is using stem cell technology and artificial intelligence (AI) software to match antidepressants to patients and minimise side effects. |
| Traditional Medicine | E.g., The Ayush Grid aims to transform the Ayush sector using AI to provide efficient, holistic, affordable, and quality services to all through a secure and interoperable digital ecosystem |
Issues with the use of AI in Medicine:
| Issue | Example |
| Lack of Diversity in Data | E.g., an algorithm trained only on data from white male patients may not perform well on women or people of colour. |
| Bias in Data | E.g., an algorithm trained on data that includes racial biases may end up perpetuating those biases. |
| Safety and Reliability | AI algorithms must be reliable and safe for use in healthcare settings. |
| Interpretability | It is often difficult to interpret how an AI algorithm arrived at its decision. This is known as the “black box” problem. In medical settings, this can be a concern because doctors need to understand the reasoning behind a diagnosis or treatment recommendation. |
| Privacy and Security | AI algorithms must be designed with privacy and security in mind to prevent unauthorized access or disclosure of patient information. |
The government programme for the promotion of AI in Healthcare:
- Ayushman Bharat Digital India Mission
- IndiGen Programme (for genome sequencing of Indians)
- Human Genome Project
- Health Stack
- ICMR guideline of use of AI in Healthcare
- AIRAWAT (AI Research, Analytics and Knowledge Assimilation platform): India’s first AI-specific cloud computing infrastructure
Conclusion:
Despite the challenges, the future of AI in medicine looks promising, and with continued research and development, we can expect to see even more innovative and effective applications of AI in healthcare in the years to come.
About Ayush Grid:
AYUSH Grid (by Ministry of AYUSH) aims to bring on onboard all AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) facilities including hospitals and laboratories and to promote traditional systems of healthcare.
Insta Links:
ICMR guideline of use of AI in Healthcare
Mains Links
Discuss the applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Healthcare sector in India. (250 Words)
Prelims Links
Q. With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?
- Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
- This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
- It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Today's Article
Jagadish Chandra Bose
GS Paper 3
Syllabus: Science and Technology: Contribution of Indians
Source: IE
Context: Late last month, Researchers from Tel Aviv University in Israel reported detecting ultrasonic distress noises made by plants when they were stressed or in need of water. (Read about it here (in FFP))
- Jagadish Chandra Bose had shown, more than a century ago, that plants experienced sensations and were able to feel pleasure and pain just like animals.
Acharya J.C. Bose (1858 and 1937) was a multidisciplinary scientist who made significant contributions to several fields, including physics, biology, and plant physiology.
Multidisciplinary contributions of JC Bose
| Field | Contribution | Example |
| Botany | The invention of the Crescograph, a device to measure plant growth and response to stimuli | Showed that plants respond to external stimuli such as light, sound, and touch by producing electrical signals that travel through their tissues |
| Study of the structure and function of plant tissues | Investigated the anatomy of leaves, stems, and roots | |
| The invention of the torsional recorder, a device to study the heliotropic movements of plants | Studied the movement of plants towards a light source | |
| Physics | Demonstration of the polarization of electromagnetic waves | Helped establish the wave nature of light and its similarity to other forms of electromagnetic radiation He was the first to generate electromagnetic signals in the microwave range |
| Discovery of the bi-metallic effect, the change in resistance of a metallic conductor when subjected to a magnetic field | Demonstrated that metals have a kind of memory that reflects their physical state and past experience | |
| Telecommunications | The invention of the first wireless detection device, the “coherer“ | A precursor to modern radio communication technology |
| Discovery of millimetre waves | Used in fields such as radar and wireless communication | |
| Development of microwave technology | Established the basic principles of microwave communication | |
| Investigation of the properties of radio waves | He was the first to come up with radio receivers for wireless telegraphy |
Impact of JC Bose’s Work on the Indian scientific community
- Bose helped to establish modern scientific research in India by setting up his own laboratory at his home in Calcutta and carrying out ground-breaking research in fields such as physics and plant physiology.
- This laboratory later became the Bose Institute, which continues to be a leading research institution in India.
- Bose’s work on microwave technology and wireless communication helped to establish India as a pioneer in these fields, and his discoveries in this area paved the way for the development of many modern technologies such as mobile phones and wireless internet.
- Bose’s research inspired many young scientists in India to pursue careers in science and helped to establish India as a major centre of scientific research and innovation.
Conclusion
Acharya J.C. Bose’s work had a significant impact on the development of science and technology in India and the world, and his legacy continues to inspire and influence scientists and researchers in the country today.
J C Bose didn’t receive Nobel Prize as he never claimed a patent for his inventions and discoveries
Insta Links
Mains Links
What were Acharya J C Bose’s multidisciplinary contributions and how did his work impact the Indian scientific community? (10M)
Prelims Links
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the vegetative propagation of plants?
- Vegetative propagation produces a clonal population.
- Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
- Vegetative propagation can be practised most of the year.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Plants cries, Today's Article
Life Lessons from Dalai Lama
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Source: TH
| Life Lesson | Example |
| Practising compassion and forgiveness leads to inner peace | Despite facing tremendous oppression and violence from the Chinese government, Dalai Lama has always preached non-violence and compassion towards his oppressors. |
| Education and knowledge are powerful tools for personal growth and societal progress | He himself is a voracious reader and has even established educational institutions in India to provide modern and traditional education to Tibetan refugees. |
| Building strong relationships and connections is essential for a fulfilling life | He has formed deep and meaningful relationships with people all over the world. |
| Embracing change | Dalai Lama has faced many challenges and changes in his life, including being forced into exile, losing his country and people, and being constantly under threat. However, he has always remained optimistic and adaptable, embracing change and looking for opportunities to grow and progress. |
| Dalai Lama believes that cultivating self-awareness and mindfulness can help us identify and overcome negative emotions such as anger, fear, and anxiety. |
Usage: His life story can be used in Essay/Ethics to illustrate points and highlight the values of Compassion, Nonviolence, Respect for diversity, Humility, and morality.Dalai Lama, CME
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, CME, Dalai Lama, Today's Article
Life Lessons from Ajay Banga
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Source: TH
| Life Lesson | Example |
| One person can make a difference | During his time at Nestle, Banga learned that individual actions can have a significant impact. As CEO of MasterCard, he introduced the concept of financial inclusion, setting a goal to bring 500 million unbanked people into the formal banking system and digital economy by 2021. |
| Creativity is key | He has also championed innovation at MasterCard, increasing revenue and market cap through new products and technologies. |
| Focus on inclusion | Banga has made it a priority to include underserved and underrepresented populations in his work. |
| Embrace change | He left Citigroup due to the industry’s increasingly regulatory environment and lack of innovation and has been an advocate for digital transformation at MasterCard and beyond. |
| Persistence pays off | Banga’s success at MasterCard was due in part to his persistence in pursuing financial inclusion goals and new innovations. He managed to triple the company’s revenue and increase net income six-fold during his tenure, despite facing challenges like economic downturns and industry disruption. |
Usage: His life story can be used in Essay/Ethics to illustrate points and highlight the values of Integrity, commitment to social responsibility, and respect for diversity.
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Ajay Banga, CME, Today's Article, World Bank
Sangathan se Samriddhi
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: PIB
Context: Ministry of Rural Development’s Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) launched “Sangathan Se Samridhhi– Leaving no Rural Woman Behind”.
About the Campaign:
- It is a national campaign under Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav Samaveshi Vikaas
- Aim: To mobilize 10 crore women from vulnerable and marginalized rural households under the Self-Help Group (SHG) fold.
- Currently, 9 crore women already part of the SHG movement
- Benefits: sharing by SHG champions, mobilizing eligible women, training new SHG members, reviving defunct SHGs, and opening SHG bank accounts
What are SHGs?
They are small informal groups of 10-20 individuals, mostly women from similar social and economic backgrounds, who come together to form a group for mutual support and help.
- SHGs encourage members to save regularly, and these savings are then pooled to provide loans to members for various purposes such as starting a small business, paying for their children’s education or medical expenses, etc.
About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM):
| Information | |
| Type | Centrally Sponsored Scheme |
| Launched in | 2011 (as a restructured version of SGSY), renamed in 2015 as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM) |
| Objective | Creating institutional platforms for the rural poor, including at least one member from an eligible household into the SHG fold, enable SHGs to increase household income |
| World Bank Support | Aid in part through investment support by the World Bank |
| Target | Cover 7 crore rural poor households and 10 Cr women |
| Overdraft Facility | Rs 5,000 available to verified SHG members under DAY-NRLM having accounts under the Prime Minister Jan Dhan Yojana with Banks |
| Working | Through Social, Community, Financial mobilization and convergence. |
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), Sangathan se Samriddhi, Self-help group, Today's Article
UN Women
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: LM
Context: India has donated $500,000 to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)
About UN Women:
| About | Details |
| Established | 2010; HQ: New York |
| India | India is one of the founding members of the Executive Board of UN Women and is currently serving as a member. Also, women-led development is one of the priorities of India’s G20 presidency |
| Formed by merging | Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI), United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) |
| Objectives | Support inter-governmental bodies in formulating policies, global standards, and norms; Forge effective partnerships with civil society; Hold the UN system accountable for its own commitments on gender equality, including monitoring progress. |
| Focus | Promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. |
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Today's Article, UN Women, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
WTO panel rules against India
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: ET
Context: World Trade Organization (WTO) panel has ruled that India has violated global trading rules by imposing import duties on IT products, such as mobile phones and components, and integrated circuits.
Background of the dispute:
India had introduced import duties of between 7.5% and 20% for IT products- mobile, components, and ICs. In 2019, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Taiwan filed complaints with the World Trade Organization (WTO), arguing that India’s import duties violated global trading rules and exceeded the maximum rate allowed.
WTO recommendation:
The WTO panel recommended that India should bring the measures into conformity with its obligations. India has already brought some of the challenged tariffs into line with global trading rules since last year.
What next?
If India appeals the ruling, the case will remain in legal limbo since the WTO’s top appeals bench is not functioning due to the US’s opposition to judge appointments.
About WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS): There are two main ways to settle a dispute once a complaint has been filed in WTO—Mutually agreed solution and through adjudication (through the implementation of the panel—legally binding)
- The appeal to the order is held at the Appellate Body (currently dysfunctional). Another mechanism for appeal is
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, MPIA, Today's Article, WTO panel rules against India
Space Seeds
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: DTE
Context: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) had sent two varieties of seeds, arabidopsis and sorghum, to space to make them climate-tolerant by exposing them to harsher surroundings.
About:
| Details | |
| Positive impact of solar radiation on plants | Exposure to increased solar radiation can cause genetic changes in plant seeds, which can potentially make them more resilient and adaptable to harsh environmental conditions such as drought, high temperatures, and soil salinity. This adaptation process is known as space mutagenesis. |
| Negative impact | Excessive exposure to solar radiation can be harmful to plant seeds, leading to genetic mutations that may be deleterious or even lethal. |
| How will the study work? | By accelerating the natural genetic adaptation of crops through space mutagenesis, scientists may be able to create new and improved plant varieties that can thrive in the face of increasing environmental stresses. |
| About Sorghum | Sorghum is a cereal grain that is grown for both human consumption and animal feed. Sorghum is a versatile crop that can grow in a wide range of environmental conditions, from drought-prone areas to more humid regions. |
| About Arabidopsis | It is a small flowering plant that belongs to the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is widely used as a model organism in plant biology research due to its small size, rapid life cycle, and easily manipulable genetics. |
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Arabidopsis, Sorghum, Space Seeds, Today's Article
Indian Bureau of Mines
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: TH
Context: The Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) has informed the Ministry of Steel and Mines that mining lease holders in Odisha are illegally transporting low-grade manganese ore from their mines.
More about it:
| Topic | Information |
| Previous reports | Steel Ministry had alerted the Odisha Government (November 2022) about the under-reporting of grades of chromite and manganese ores. Also, the M. B. Shah Commission report on Illegal Mining had probed into the issue of irregularities in the mineral sector in the past, which put the extent of loss at ₹59,000 crores. |
| Mines and Minerals Regulation and Development Act 1957 | Empowers state government to make rules for preventing illegal mining, transportation, and storage of minerals. It is the responsibility of State Governments to establish the correct grade of mineral being dispatched. |
| Mining resources in Odisha | Odisha is a mineral-rich state with over 96% of India’s chrome ore, over 51% of bauxite reserve, over 33% of hematite iron ore, and over 43% of manganese. |
| About Manganese | Manganese is a silvery-Gray metal that is found in abundance in the Earth’s crust. It is commonly used in the production of steel and other alloys due to its ability to improve the strength, toughness, and workability of these materials. |
| About IBM | Indian Bureau of Mines (est. 1948; HQ: Nagpur) promotes the systematic and scientific development of mineral resources of the country both onshore and offshore. It collects a database of information on mines and minerals in the country to create a National Mineral Information Repository. |
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Indian Bureau of Mines, Today's Article
Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET)
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: WHO
Context: The Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats Initiative (PRET) will launch on April 24-26, 2023, with a focus on respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness.
About PRET:
| Details | |
| Purpose | Improve disease pandemic preparedness by leveraging systems, capacities, knowledge, and tools for groups of pathogens based on their mode of transmission |
| Regulations | The initiative will operate under the International Health Regulations (IHR) and promote whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches to pandemic planning. |
| Vision | More equitable and robust response to future disease pandemics |
| Implementation priorities | Established by country authorities in line with regional and global mandates |
| Other programmes to prevent future pandemics | One health approach; WHO’s Health Emergencies Programme (WHE); Proposed Pandemic Treaty |
| About WHO | The World Health Organization (est. 1948; HQ: Geneva) is a specialized agency of the UN responsible for international public health. India is a member. |
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET), Today's Article, WHO
Toque Macaques
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Source: TOI
Context: Sri Lanka is planning to export 1,00,000 toque macaques to China.
About Toque Macaques
The toque macaque is endemic to Sri Lanka and classified as Endangered (IUCN). It is reddish-brown-coloured. The most characteristic feature is the toque-like swirl of hair on its head top.
April 19, 2023 /19 Apr 2023, Today's Article, Toque Macaques