2023 04 08

Table of Contents:

GS Paper 2:

India-Latin America Relations
75 years of the WHO

GS Paper 3:

Investment facilitation agreement (IFA)
Dam Safety
India Justice Report on India’s police forces

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

‘Whistling Village’

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023
‘Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ program
Seven Liberation destinations of India
BRICS alliance working to create its own currency
Assembly theory
LIGO-India
MeerKAT radio telescope
Short-beaked echidnas
Ozone Pollution
Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary

India-Latin America Relations

GS Paper 2

Syllabus: International Relations

Source: LM

Context: External affairs minister who visited Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay earlier, is to visit Guyana and Colombia later this month.


Dimension of India-LAC	Examples
Historical	Colonial legacy: Indian indentured labour was shipped mainly to the Caribbean. India’s leading communist ideologue, M.N. Roy played an important role in the creation of the Mexican Communist Party in 1917. NAM movement: As a founding member of the Non-Aligned-Movement (NAM), India generated a lot of goodwill and attracted many Latin American Countries.
Political	India and Brazil are members of the BRICS grouping and the IBSA Dialogue Forum. India has also signed strategic partnership agreements with Brazil, Mexico, and Chile.
Economic	India’s annual trade of US$30 billion to US$50 billion with Latin America (Trade has been rising constantly by 25% every year). Indian companies, mainly ONGC, and private sector organizations like Reliance, and Gammon India, have invested in producing oil and gas fields in LAC. Indian companies have been interested in the critical deposits of resources such as copper and lithium
Cultural	Across Latin America, there are thousands of followers of Indian spiritual gurus like Sai Baba, Brahma Kumaris, and Hare Krishna. There is also growing interest in Indian Ayurvedic and natural products.
Diaspora	Today, the Indian diaspora accounts for a major portion of the populations of Trinidad, Suriname and Guyana.
Scientific and Technological	India and Brazil have an MoU on cooperation in the field of Biotechnology. India and Mexico have signed an agreement on cooperation in the fields of Science and Technology.
Defence	India has signed an MoU on Defence Cooperation with Brazil. India also has defence cooperation agreements with Chile and Mexico.
Education	Universities student and faculty exchanges. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) has also been offering scholarships to LAC students for higher education in India.

Challenges in the relationship:

Distance and Lack of Connectivity
Language Barrier: Spanish and Portuguese are the dominant languages in the region, while India’s official language is Hindi and English.
Limited Cultural Understanding
Protectionist Policies: Protectionist measures (by both regions), such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, could increase costs for businesses and restrict access to markets.
Political Instability: Political instability and economic uncertainties in some Latin American countries could deter Indian businesses from investing in the region.
Lack of High-Level Interactions: High-level interactions between India and Latin America have been limited.

Conclusion:

India’s trade with Latin America is negligible in comparison to China’s $450 billion trading in that region. Historically, Indian businesses have lagged in LAC. Hence, India will need to step up its economic diplomacy and join regional economic institutions like the Inter-American Development Bank.

Insta Links

Mind Map: India- Latin America

Mains Links

Discuss the potential, opportunities, and nature of the relationship between India and Mexico (250 Words)

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, India-Latin America Relations, International Relations, Today's Article

75 years of the WHO

GS Paper 2

Syllabus: Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate

Source: IE

Context: Despite some great successes, the 75-year-old World Health Organization (WHO) has received its fair share of criticism.

The World Health Organization (WHO):

It is a specialised agency of the UN (HQ – Geneva, Switzerland) established on 7 April (World Health Day) 1948 and is responsible for international public health.
Members: 194 member states
The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of the WHO
- Composed of health ministers from member states, WHA selects the director-general of the WHO (currently – Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus of Ethiopia).

Mandate:

Working worldwide to promote health and well-being → serving the vulnerable,
Coordinating responses to health emergencies,
Providing technical assistance to countries → Set international health standards

Achievements:

Eradication of smallpox (1980) – the only human disease to be eradicated, the near-eradication of polio, and the development of an Ebola
Efforts helped in realising the goal of health as a human right.

Current priorities include:

Communicable diseases: HIV/AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, malaria and tuberculosis
Non-communicable diseases: Heart disease and cancer; healthy diet, nutrition, and food security; occupational health; and substance abuse.

The failed attempts of WHO:

Eradication of malaria: The WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955). But there was little/no progress and the program was discontinued in 1969.
COVID-19: Some critics complained that the WHO failed in the early detection of the disease and was not doing enough to support member states.

Main issues faced by the WHO:

Stymied by a divided world with nations advancing their own interests at the cost of others.
WHO does not have the authority –
- to enforce its recommendations.
- to take action in a member state unless that member state asks for help.
The funding mechanism (voluntary contributions) lacks transparency and accountability framework.

Changes made by the WHO to its structure: It now cooperates with tech companies and relies to a lesser degree on national governments for crucial health information → lowering the chances of missing the start of another serious disease outbreak.

Challenges and way ahead:

The world will experience more frequent and more severe health threats in the future.
It means there is a need to come together around joint priorities and support WHO to –
- Strengthen the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) declaration process
- Devise a collaborative mechanism to disburse funding for projects without bias.

Conclusion: These reforms will help the WHO to become a truly global health enforcement policy.

Insta Links:

WHO

Mains Links:

Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic. (UPSC 2020)

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, 8 April CA, Global Malaria Eradication Programme, GS 2, Today's Article, Today’s article, WHO, World Health Assembly

Investment facilitation agreement (IFA)

GS Paper 2

Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Source: TH

Context: India should not be opposed to joining the investment facilitation agreement (IFA) negotiations for fear of investor-state dispute settlement claims.

Background:

Even if the World Trade Organization (WTO) is inactive, IFA is one area of rule-making where there is a lot of action.
Backed by over 100 countries (it does not include India), the proposed IFA is meant to create legally binding provisions aimed at facilitating investment flows.
This will require states to augment regulatory transparency and predictability of investment measures.
This agreement will be very different from investment protection agreements (such as BITs) that allow foreign investors to bring claims against the host state for alleged treaty breaches.
This is known as investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS).

Why is India not a party to IFA negotiations?

Fear of ISDS: Apprehension that foreign investors could use a future IFA to bring claims under the existing BITs.
Foreign investors may use the –
- Most favoured nation (MFN) provision in BITs: To import terms from the IFA that they believe to be more favourable than those provided in the underlying BIT.
- Ubiquitous provision of fair and equitable treatment (FET) in BITs: To challenge non-compliance with IFA.
- ‘Umbrella clause’ in BIT: A clause that allows contractual and other commitments owed to a foreign investor to be brought under the treaty’s protective umbrella.

These are mere presumptions:

Many BITs exempt an economic integration agreement from the application of MFN. Thus, the possibility of importing IFA provisions into the BIT is remote.
It is unlikely that an ISDS tribunal will accept the claim that a simple IFA violation breaches an investor’s reasonable expectations.
Most new investment treaties avoid ‘umbrella clauses’ altogether.

Way ahead:

The IFA categorically state that it
- Cannot be used to interpret or apply any rule for the protection of investment contained in any investment treaty.
- Does not create rights for non-signatory countries and their investors.
Reforming BITs: Countries can amend their respective BITs to exclude the IFA from its scope.

Conclusion: The possibility of an audacious ISDS tribunal interpreting provisions broadly can never be ruled out. But this cannot be a basis to oppose international law-making.

Insta Links:

TFA

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, 8 April CA, BITs, GS 2, Investment facilitation agreement (IFA), Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), Most Favoured Nation (MFN), Today's Article, Today’s article, WTO

Dam Safety

GS Paper 3

Syllabus: Infrastructure/disaster management

Source: DTE

Context: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water red-flagged dam safety issues, but there was a poor response from people.

Background:

Of the 5,745 large dams in the country, 5,334 are operational.
Dams (especially large ones) are highly controversial in India. They –
- Have Destroyed vast swathes of natural forests,
- Displaced millions of people,
- Led to disasters – dams floods,
- Fuelled inter-state conflicts,
- Emit methane,
- Fragmenting freshwater species’ habitats, alter rivers’ hydrology and affect freshwater ecosystems by inundation.
But they have also changed the Indian civilisations by evolving new ways of farming, urbanisation and industrialisation → power generation → emerged as important human-made wetlands → making it challenging to decommission the aged/unsafe ones.

Concerns raised by the Parliamentary Committee over the safety of ageing dams:

Of the operational dams, 234 have outlived their lifespan of 100 years (some even older than 300 years).
Panel flagged 36 dam disasters. The worst was the 1979 Machhu dam disaster in Morbi, Gujarat.
Dams have already altered the local ecology, societies, economies and even micro-climatic conditions.
Though decommissioning might create new conflict zones, the Committee has asked for charting paths for decommissioning of ageing and unsafe dams.

Statutory and institutional arrangements of dam safety in India:

Under the 7th Schedule of the Constitution of India, water and water storage is a state subject.
However, the Central Government can enact legislation in 3 scenarios –
- If a project affects multiple states or international treaties.
- If two or more states pass a resolution requiring such a law. This is what led to the Dam Safety Bill 2019.
- On matters related to the protection of the environment under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986. The existing dam safety regulations are part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under the EPA.
At the national level, the Central Water Commission (CWC) issued guidelines for:
- Dam Safety Procedures;
- Safety Inspection of Dams;
- Development and Implementation of Emergency Action Plan (EAP) for Dams; etc.
Dams under the World Bank Dams Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) are governed by the aforementioned guidelines.

Conclusion:

We have developed the character and capabilities to respond to disasters rather than prevent them.
It is time to have extensive dialogues with communities, experts and other stakeholders who can contribute to charting pathways for decommissioning old/unsafe dams.

Insta Links:

Dam Safety Act

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, 7th Schedule, 8 April CA, Central Water Commission (CWC), Dam Safety in India., Dams Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP), Decommissioning of old/unsafe dams, GS 3, The Dam Safety Bill 2019, The Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1986, Today's Article, Today’s article

India Justice Report on India’s police forces

GS Paper 3

Syllabus: Internal Security

Source: TH

Context: India Justice Report 2022 has been recently released. For more on the report: Click here

Major findings:


Categories	Findings
Overall Performer	Telangana police ranked first among States while West Bengal ranked last.
Overall Vacancies	Overall police vacancies increased from about 20% to 22% (between 2020 and 2022)
Fulfilling Quotas for SC, and ST Communities	Karnataka was the only state to meet its quotas for SC, ST, and Other Backward Classes.
Women in the Police Force	No state which had the 33% criteria managed to meet it.
It will take another 24 years to have 33% women in police forces across states.
Among large and medium states, Andhra Pradesh was the best performer with nearly 22% of women in police, while Jharkhand was the worst performer with just about 6%.
While women’s representation in the police has been growing in recent years, they made up only about 10% of all police officers in India (2021).

Issues Faced by Women in Police Forces in India and Steps to address them:


Issues	Steps to Address Them
Gender Discrimination	Conduct gender sensitization programs and training sessions for all police personnel. Implement strict penalties for any discriminatory behaviour towards women.
Lack of Representation	Increase the number of women in police recruitment drives. Strictly enforce reservation of women in the police force by state governments.
Sexual Harassment	Establish a zero-tolerance policy for sexual harassment. Set up internal complaint committees to investigate and address any cases of harassment.
Poor Working Conditions	Provide separate and secure accommodation for women police officers. Ensure the availability of adequate and clean restroom facilities for women.
Safety Concerns	Provide self-defence training to women police officers.
Lack of Support	Create a support network for women police officers, including counselling services and a grievance redressal mechanism. Provide opportunities for career advancement and professional development for women officers.

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, India Justice Report, India’s police forces, Today's Article

‘Whistling Village’

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

Source: IE

Kongthong village in Meghalaya is India’s only whistling village. Kongthong is located in the East Khasi Hills in Meghalaya and is popular as the ‘whistling village’ due to its unique tradition of ‘Jingrwai Lawbei’ (meaning the Song of the Clan’s First Woman) under which mothers create a tune for their newborns. These tunes are often used as names.

Kongthong people belong to the Seng Khasi Tribe and speak the Khasi language

Usage: This is one of the examples of unique dying traditions of India which need to be preserved. You can cite it in the questions on the themes of Indian culture, and tribal traditions.

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, Kongthong Village, Today's Article, Whistling Village

Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: PIB

Context: Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation inaugurated Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023

About Kaushambi:


Category	Importance
Location	Located on the Yamuna River about 56 km southwest of Prayagraj (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)
Mahajanapadas	Kaushambi was the capital of the Vatsa Kingdom, one of the 16 Mahajanapadas
Buddhism	During Buddha’s time, Kaushambi was one of the six most important and prosperous towns in India.
Trade centres in ancient times	Kaushambi has been the nerve centre of ancient Indian communications as the principal routes from north to south and east to west met at the city. It was a terminus of river traffic and an important emporium of Madhyadesa.
Pillars of Ashoka	The pillars of Ashoka are found both in Kosambi and in Allahabad
Coinage	The tribal society at Kosambi made cast copper coinage with punch marks

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, Kaushambi, Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023, Today's Article

‘Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ program

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: TH

Context: Ministry of Culture has been documenting the unique cultural heritage of rural India under the National Mission for Cultural Mapping’s ‘Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ program.

Villages have been divided into different categories e.g.,


Category	Example
Ecological	Bishnoi village (famous for living in harmony with Blackbucks, Rajasthan); Uttarakhand’s Raini village (famous for the Chipko movement)
Developmental	Modhera (Gujarat) is the first solar-powered village in India
Historical	Kandel (MP) is famous for ‘Jal Satyagraha’; Suketi in Himachal Pradesh has Asia’s oldest fossil park; and Pandrethan in Kashmir is the village of Shaivite mystic Lal Ded

About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):


	Description
Ministry	Approved by the Ministry of Culture in 2017
Purpose	To build a comprehensive database of artists, art forms, and other cultural resources from organizations. To preserve Indian art and cultural heritage, map the cultural canvas of India, and create cultural vibrancy throughout the nation.
Implementation	The program was handed over to Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) in 2021.
Target	IGNCA plans to cover all 6.5 lakh villages in the country and create short films on 6,500 village clusters showcasing their unique heritage.
Data Collection	Data mapping, demography building, formalizing processes, and bringing all cultural activities under one umbrella for better results.
Related Schemes	Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana, Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat.
About IGNCA	Established in 1987 as an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture. Aims to be a centre for research, academic pursuit, and dissemination in the field of arts.

Note: Don’t get confused with a similarly named programme—’ Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav’ is an initiative of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to encourage scientists to select villages and provide information to the farmers on technical and other related aspects of agriculture through personal visits or on the telephone.

April 8, 2023 /'Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar' program, 08 Apr 2023, Cultural asset mapping, National Mission for Cultural Mapping, Today's Article

BRICS alliance working to create its own currency

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: LM

Context: BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are reportedly working on their own currency – established on a strategy that ‘does not defend the dollar or euro’.

What is de-dollarization?

De-dollarization refers to the process of reducing the use of the US dollar in international trade and finance. This may involve countries diversifying their foreign currency reserves by holding fewer US dollars and more of other currencies.

Need for de-dollarization: US dollar became the official reserve currency of the world in 1944 (by the Bretton Woods Agreement). However, several countries have alleged that the US has been misusing dollar dominance by the imposition of sanctions as a tool to achieve foreign policy goals.

Recent steps by India for De-dollarization: Trade in Indian Rupee (agreement has been signed with 18 countries, including UK, Germany, Russia and the United Arab Emirates); Currency Swap agreement.

About BRICS:


	Description
Name	In 2001, the British Economist Jim O’Neill coined the term BRIC to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
Origin	Formalized during the first meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers in 2006. South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010; HQ of BRICS: Shanghai
Significance	The BRICS brings together five of the largest developing countries in the world, representing 41% of the global population, 24% of the global GDP, and 16% of the global trade.
Chairmanship	The chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members, in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S. South Africa is the 2023 chair of the BRICS. Each country has one vote.
Initiatives of the BRICS	New Development Bank (by the Fortaleza (Brazil) declaration in 2014); Contingent Reserve Arrangement; BRICS Payment System (as an alternative to the SWIFT payment system); Customs Agreements; Launched of BRICS Remote Sensing Satellite

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, BRICS, de-dollarization, Today's Article

LIGO-India

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: TH

Context: Union Cabinet on Thursday approved a project to build an advanced gravitational-wave detector in the Hingoli district in Maharashtra. The facility’s construction is expected to be completed by 2030.

What are Gravitational Waves?

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time that travel at the speed of light. They are created by the motion of massive objects, such as black holes or neutron stars, which generate gravitational waves when they orbit or collide with each other.

According to Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, any object with mass warps the space-time around it. When two massive objects orbit each other or collide, they produce ripples or waves in space-time that propagate outward at the speed of light.

Gravitational waves are extremely weak and difficult to detect. They were first directly detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in 2015, a century after they were predicted by Einstein’s theory.

About LIGO-India


Location	Hingoli district, Maharashtra, India
Built by	Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology with an MoU with the U.S. National Science Foundation
Type of facility	Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)
Purpose	To detect and study gravitational waves. LIGOs are designed to measure changes in distance that are several orders of magnitude smaller than the length of the proton.
Network	Four comparable detectors need to be operating simultaneously around the globe to localise a source of gravitational waves anywhere in the sky. LIGO-India will be the third of its kind in the world, made to the exact specifications of the twin LIGO, in Louisiana (first) and Washington (second) in the U.S. A fourth detector in Kagra, Japan, will also be made.
Construction	It consists of two interferometers, each with two 4 km long arms arranged in the shape of an “L” (acting as ‘antennae’ to detect gravitational waves)
Expected benefits	Advances in astronomy, astrophysics, and cutting-edge technology

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, Gravitation waves, LIGO-India, Today's Article

MeerKAT radio telescope

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: DTE

Context: Astronomers used machine learning to mine data from South Africa’s MeerKAT telescope

About MeerKAT:

MeerKAT is an array of 64 large antenna dishes in the Meerkat National Park, in the Northern Cape of South Africa. It uses radio signals from space to study the evolution of the universe and everything it contains

Findings:

Using a coding framework called Astronomaly, astronomers discovered a potential Odd Radio Circle, which they named SAURON. SAURON is the first scientific discovery made in MeerKAT data with machine learning.

What are Odd Radio Circles?

In astronomy, an Odd Radio Circle is a very large, unexplained astronomical object that, at radio wavelengths, is highly circular and brighter along its edges.

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, MeerKAT radio telescope, Odd Radio Circles, Today's Article

Short-beaked echidnas

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: TH

Context: Short-beaked echidnas in Western Australia beat the heat by blowing mucus bubbles, according to researchers from Curtin University.

About the short-beaked echidna

It is one of four living species of echidna. It is covered in fur and spines and has a distinctive snout and a specialized tongue, which it uses to catch its insect prey (ant and termite) at a great speed.

Other mechanisms used by animals to stay cool: Dog pant to cool off; Kangaroos lick their arms so that the evaporating saliva cools the underlying blood vessels; Vultures squirt watery poop on their naked legs; Birds and mammals fluff their feathers (to increase the air trapped near their skin which acts as an insulator to regulate body temperature); Jackrabbits, increase blood flow to their ears which dissipates heat more quickly.

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, Ecology, Short-beaked echidnas, Today's Article

Ozone Pollution

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: HT

Context: As per the CPCB, Ground-level ozone (O3) has started to emerge as Delhi’s lead pollutant during the day, particularly after rain, according to data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

About Ground-level Ozone:

Ground-level ozone is a type of pollutant that is produced when two primary pollutants, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, react in sunlight and stagnant air. It is referred to as a “secondary” pollutant because it is not directly emitted, but rather formed through chemical reactions between these primary pollutants.


Type of ozone	Location	Effects	Government efforts
Good ozone (Useful)	Stratosphere	Forms a protective layer that shields us from harmful UV rays	Kigali Amendment and Montreal Protocol to phase down ozone-depleting gases
Bad ozone (Harmful)	Troposphere (Ground level Ozone)	Harmful air pollutant; causes damage to crops and forests, respiratory system irritation, worsens lung conditions	Shifting to BS-VI compliant vehicles, shutting down of thermal power plant, banning of garbage burning, GRAP, the launch of NCAP, setting up monitoring network for air quality assessment

About CPCB:

The Central Pollution Control Board of India (est. 1974; HQ: New Delhi) is a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It was established in 1974 under the Water Act, 1974, but is entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air Act, 1981.

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, CPCB, Ground level ozone, Ozone Pollution, Today's Article

Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary

Facts for Prelims (FFP)

Source: IE

Context: The Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh, India is set to become a tiger reserve, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).

What is the issue?

The announcement has caused concern among the Idu Mishmi people who believe that the reserve would restrict their access to the forest.

Who are Idu Mishmis?

They are a sub-tribe of the Mishmi group (the other two Mishmi groups are Digaru and Miju) in Arunachal Pradesh and have a strong connection to the region’s flora and fauna. According to Idu mythology, tigers are their “elder brothers,” and their belief system of myths and taboos protects many animals, including a prohibition on killing tigers.

Idu Mishmis are an example of a ‘cultural model of conservation’ and they support wildlife protection.

About Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary


Location	Near Anini district in Arunachal Pradesh (Eastern Himalayas)
Derived Name	The Dibang River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River
Located within Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve	Adjacent to the Mouling National Park, Dibang WLS was established in the 1980s. Later in 1988, as per the guidelines of UNESCO, together these areas became part of the Dibang Biosphere Reserve, one of the major bio-diversity hotspots of the world.
Altitude	Ranges from 1800m to 5000m
Vegetation	Temperate broad-leaved forests, temperate conifer forests (Rhododendron, Bamboo, Gregaria, Tsuga, etc.), and alpine vegetation at higher altitudes
Wildlife	Mishmi takin, Asiatic black bear, tigers, Gongshan muntjac, Red panda, Red goral, and Musk deer

About NTCA:

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (est. 2005; HQ: New Delhi) was established following a recommendation of the Tiger Task Force, constituted by the Prime Minister of India for reorganised management of Project Tiger and the many Tiger Reserves in India. It is chaired by the Minister for Environment and Forests.

April 8, 2023 /08 Apr 2023, Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary, National Tiger Conservation Authority, Today's Article

Optional

Physics/ Botany/Zoology

DTE: Life: modern physics can’t explain it – but our new theory, which says time is fundamental, might